Western Apache

Western Apache refers to the similar Apache peoples living primarily in east central Arizona. Goodwin (1938) claims that the Western Apache can be divided into five groups based on dialect:

• Cibeque,
• Northern Tonto,
• Southern Tonto,
• San Carlos , and
• White Mountain.

Other researchers do not find any linguistic evidence for five groups, but rather only three distinct varieties:

• San Carlos ,
• White Mountain, and
• Dilzhę́’é.

Western Apache also refers to the Southern Athabaskan language spoken by these people. Western Apache is related to other Southern Athabaskan languages like Navajo, Chiricahua Apache, Mescalero Apache, Lipan Apache, Plains Apache, and Jicarilla Apache.

Links

• Western Apache-English Dictionary (White Mountain)
• White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
• San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
• Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
• Yavapai-Apache Nation Official Website
• Yavapai-Apache Nation (Arizona Intertribal Council)
• White Mountain Apache Tribe
• White Mountain Apache photographs
• map of Fort Apache Reservation
• photos & fact about White Mountain Apaches & Fort Apache Reservation a nice site
• Puberty Ceremony of White Mountain Apaches (information & photo)
• Simplied Apache Pronunciation
• Apache myths and other texts
• Grenville Goodwin's preface to Myths and Tales of the White Mountain Apache
• Issues in Language Textbook Development: The Case of Western Apache
• White Mountain Apache Language: Issues in Language Shift, Textbook Development, and Native Speaker-University Collaboration
• Western Apache vocabulary word list
• The Gift of Changing Woman (questia.com)

References & Recommend Reading

Culture

• Basso, Keith H. (1969). Western Apache witchcraft. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, (No. 15). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
• Basso, Keith H. (1970). The Cibecue Apache. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03083171-7
• Basso, Keith H. (1979). Portraits of "the whiteman": Linguistic play and Cultural symbols among the Western Apache. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52129593-9
• Basso, Keith H. (1996). Wisdom sits in places: Landscape and language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-82631724-3
• Goodwin, Grenville. (1939). Myth and tales of the White Mountain Apache. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, (Vol. 33). New York: American Folk-Lore Society (J. J. Augustin). ISBN 0-81651451-8
• Goodwin, Grenville. (1942). The social organization of the Western Apache. Goodwin, Janice T.(Ed.). The University of Chicago publications in anthropology: Ethnological series. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [reprinted 1969 by Tucson: University of Arizona Press].
• Goodwin, Grenville. (1971). Western Apache raiding and warfare. Basso, Keith H. (Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-81650297-8
• Goodwin, Grenville; & Opler, Morris E. (1973). Grenville Goodwin among the Western Apache: Letters from the field. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-81650417-2
• Gordon, Steve; Martin, Deborah; & Perry, Edgar. (1998). Ancient power [Compact Disc Recording]. Topanga, CA: Sequoia Records.
• Kaut, Charles R. (1957). The Western Apache clan system: Its origins and development. University of New Mexico publications in anthropology, (#9). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
• Perry, Edgar. (1992). Oral history [Cassette Recording]. In T. Scott, B. Young, H. Cordero, C. Lomahaftewa, J. Ben, E. Perry, E. Salmon, (1949-1995), Film, video and audio collection. [unpublished open archival collection].
• Roberts, Helen H. (1929). Basketry of the San Carlos Apache. Anthropology papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 31, Part 2). New York City: The American Museum of Natural History.

Language

pedagogical

• Arizona State University & American Indian Language Development Institute. (1983). Nohwiyati’ [Our language]. SIL.
• Bunney, Curtis. (1974). Nnee baa nadaagoni’ [Apache stories]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District.
• Bunney, Curtis. (1974). Oshii bigonsh’aa. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District.
• Bunney, Curtis. (n.d.). Apache Workbook l: Oshii bigonsh’aa. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District.
• Bunney, Curtis. (n.d.). Nnee dii k’ehgo daagoląąni’. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District.
• Bunney, Curtis. (n.d.). The Little Red Hen (and other stories): Chaghashe bi nagoni’e. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District.
• Bunney, Curtis; & and Crowder, Jack. (1972). Western Apache Series. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District. [20 booklets].
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). The cactus boy: Hosh nteelé ishkiin. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Chagháshé táági [The three children]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Da’ónjii nadaagohilnéhé [We read we play]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Doo hant’é dalke’ da. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Gosh’ii: Shíí Mary nshlii: Gosh’ii. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Haigo: Zas naláá. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Idiists’ag, gosh’ii: [I hear, I see]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Kih nagodenk’áá: Kih diltli’. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Mary hik’e tl’oh bilgo. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Nnee kéhgo onltag bigonláa [Learn to count in Apache]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Shíí nnee nshlii. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Shíígo shil nlt’éé. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Shiyo’ tséé dotl’izhi alzáa [Mary's peridot necklace]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Stephen hik’e na’inniihí [Stephen and the airplane]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Tahbiyú [Early morning]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Tl’oh tú yidlaa. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). Tulgayé ligayi: Tulagayé bijaa igodi [The white donkey]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). The wild animals: Itsá. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Crowder, Jack L. (1972). [Apache language readers]. San Carlos, AZ.
• Edgerton, Faye E.; & Hill, Faith. (1958). Primer, (Vols. 1-2). Glendale, AZ.
• Goode, Phillip. (1985). Apache language course and lesson plans for Globe High School: Grades 9-12. [Unpublished manuscript].
• Goode, Phillip. (1996). Total physical response sentences from Asher (1982) translated into San Carlos Apache, with commentary by Willem J. de Reuse. [Unpublished manuscript].
• Johnson, James B.; Lavender, Bonnie; Malone, Beverley; Bead, Christina; & Clawson, Curry. (n.d.). Yati' nakih [Two languages]: Kindergarten bi naltsoos choh [Kindergarten's big book]. Title VII Bilingual Education Program Kindergarten Curriculum Manual. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Tribe.
• Malone, Wesley; Malone, Beverly; & Quintero, Canyon Z. (1983). New keys to reading and writing Apache, (rev. ed.). Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
• Perry, Edgar. (1989). Apache picture dictionary. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
• Perry, Edgar; & Quintero, Canyon Z. (1972). Now try reading these. Fort Apache, AZ: Apache Culture Center.
• Quintero, Canyon Z. (1972). Keys to reading Apache. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
• de Reuse, Willem J. (forthcoming). A practical grammar of the San Carlos Apache language.
• de Reuse, Willem J.; & Adley-SantaMaria, Bernadette. (1996). Ndee biyáti’ bígoch’il’aah [Learning Apache]: An introductory textbook in the White Mountain Apache language for non-speakers. [Unpublished manuscript].
• de Reuse, Willem J.; & Goode, Phillip. (1996). Nnee biyati’ yánlti’go [Speak Apache]: An introductory textbook in the San Carlos Apache language for non-speakers. [Unpublished manuscript].
• Steele, Lola; Smith, Dorothy; & Bunney, Curtis. (n.d.). Nnee Díí Kehgo Daagolii’ ni’ [Apaches used to live this way]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Steele, Lola; Smith, Dorothy; & Bunney, Curtis. (n.d.). Oshíí bígonsh’aa [I learn to read]. San Carlos, AZ: Rice School District No. 20.
• Uplegger, Francis J. (1966). Red man and white man in harmony: Songs in Apache and English. San Carlos, AZ: Lutheran Indian Mission.
• White Mountain Apache Culture Center. (1972). Apache months. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
• White Mountain Apache Culture Center. (1972). Apache plants. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
• White Mountain Apache Culture Center. (1972). Keys to reading and writing Apache. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
• White Mountain Apache Culture Center. (1972). Writing Apache. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
• Wycliffe Bible Translators. (1900). Apache reader.

linguistics & other reference

• Basso, Keith H. (1979). Portraits of "the whiteman": Linguistic play and cultural symbols among the Western Apache. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52129593-9.
• Basso, Keith H. (1990). Western Apache language and culture: Essays in lingustic anthropology. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-81651323-6.
• Basso, Keith H. (1996). Wisdom sits in places: Landscape and language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-82631724-3.
• Bourke, John G.; & Condie, Carole J. (1990). Vocabulary of the Apache or ’Indé language of Arizona and New Mexico. Occasional publications in anthropology: Linguistic series, (no. 7). Greenley, CO: Museum of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado.
• Bray, Dorothy, & White Mountain Apache Tribe. (1998). Western Apache-English dictionary: A community-generated bilingual dictionary. Tempe, AZ: Bilingual Press. ISBN 0-927534-79-7.
• Goddard, Pliny E. (1918). Myths and tales from the San Carlos Apache. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 24, Part 1). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
• Goddard, Pliny E. (1919). Myths and tales from the White Mountain Apache. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 24, Part 2). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
• Goddard, Pliny E. (1919). San Carlos Apache texts. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 24, Part 3). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
• Goddard, Pliny E. (1920). White Mountain Apache texts. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 24, Part 4). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
• Gordon, Matthew; Potter, Brian; Dawson, John; de Reuse, Willem; & Ladefoged, Peter. (2001). Phonetic structures of Western Apache. International Journal of American Linguistics, 67(4), 415-481.
• Perry, Edgar. (1972). Western Apache dictionary. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
• Plocher, Johannes & Eilers, Herman. (1893). English Apache dictionary: Containing a vocabulary of the San Carlos Apache, also some White Mount. terms, and many sentences illustrating the use of the words. [Unpublished manuscript].
• de Reuse, Willem J. (forthcoming). A practical grammar of the San Carlos Apache language.
• de Reuse, Willem J. (2004). [personal communication].
• Uplegger, Francis J. (1899-1964). Papers. [unpublished material].
• Uplegger, Francis J. (1900). Apache dictionary. [unpublished].
• Uplegger, Francis J. (1911). My life, how should it proceed. San Carlos, AZ [?]: Evangelical Lutheran Mission.
• Uplegger, Francis J. (1940-1960). Apache language songbook. [unpublished archival material].