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Lists of office-holders
These are lists of incumbents, i.e. lists of people in various offices and positions,
including heads of states or of subnational entities (in no particular order). A historical discipline, archontology, focuses on the study of past and current incumbents.
Current incumbents may also be found in the countries' articles (main article and "Politics of") and the list of national leaders, recent changes on 2005 in politics, and past leaders on State leaders by year and Colonial governors by year.
Various articles group lists by title, function or topic: e.g. abdication, assassinated persons, cabinet, chancellor, ex-monarchs (20th century), head of government, head of state, lieutenant governor, mayor, military commanders, minister (and ministers by portfolio below), order of precedence, peerage, president, prime minister, Reichstag participants (1792), Secretary of State.
Religious leaders
see also Religious leaders by year
England and ecclesiastical dependencies
Other
Heads of International Organizations
see also International organization leaders by year
See also: List of international organization leaders in 2003, 2004
Heads of state or government (defunct entities)
Ancient world
- Akkad
- Assyria
- Athens
- Babylon
- Bithynia
- British Isles
- Cappadocia
- Carthage
- Cyrene
- Dacia
- Kings of Diaokhi
- Egypt
- Elamite emperors, see Elamite Empire
- Galatia
- Hanilgalbat
- Hittites
- India
- Indo-Greek kings, see Indo-Greek Kingdom
- Greco-Bactrian kings, see Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
- Indo-Scythian kings, see Indo-Scythian
- Indo-Parthian kings, see Indo-Parthian Kingdom
- Kushan emperors, see Kushan Empire
- Western Kshatrapas
- Kings of Chera, see Chera
- Emperors of Gupta, see Gupta dynasty
- Emperors of Magadha, see Shishunaga dynasty
- List of Maurya emperors
- Emperors of Nanda, see Nanda dynasty
- Emperors of Satavahana, see Satavahana
- Emperors of Sunga, see Sunga dynasty
- Ancient Jewish rulers
- Kommagene
- Kush
- Lydia
- Macedon
- Mauretania
- The Medes
- Nabatea
- Numidia
- Osroene
- Paeonia
- Pergamon
- Persia
- Pontus
- Rome
- Scandinavia
- Sparta
- Sumer
- Syracuse
- Thrace
- Tyre
- Ugarit
- Urartu
Africa
Americas
Asia (excl. Latin, Hellenic and Arabic)
- List of Kings of Ani
- List of Armenian Kings
- Monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
- Ahom Rulers of Assam
- Kings of Ayutthaya, see Ayutthaya kingdom
- The Table of Chinese monarchs
- Sultans of Delhi, see Delhi Sultanate
- Ghaznavid emperors, see Ghaznavid Empire
- Kings of Golconda, see Qutb Shahi dynasty
- Emperors of Gupta, see Gupta dynasty
- Kings of Gujarat, see Solanki
- List of Indian monarchs
- List of Emperors of Japan
- Khans of Kara-Khitai, see Kara-Khitan Khanate
- List of Kazan khans
- Khmer emperors, see Khmer Empire
- Rulers of Korea
- List of Mughal emperors
- Emperors of Pala, see Pala Empire
- Pallava emperors, see Pallava
- Kings of Tamil Nadu, see Cholas
- List of emperors of Tibet
- Kings of Sukhothai, see Sukhothai kingdom
- Vijayanagaran emperors, see Vijayanagara empire
- Kings of Vietnam, see History of Vietnam
Near Eastern (Arabic, Turk, Kurd)
- Barbarian States
- Ostrogothic rulers, see Ostrogoth
- List of rulers of Bosnia
- British Isles
- King of Burgundy
- List of Crimean khans
- Chancellor of Florence
- Frankish Kings
- French monarchs
- Prince of Condé
- Prince of Conti
- Dukes of Aiguillon
- Counts and dukes of Alençon
- Counts and dukes of Angouleme
- Counts and Dukes of Anjou
- Duke of Aquitaine
- Counts and Dukes of Auvergne
- Duc de Berry
- Duke of Bourbon
- Duke of Brittany
- Duke of Burgundy
- Dukes of Gascony, see Gascony
- Duc de Guise
- Duke of Lorraine
- Counts and Dukes of Maine
- Counts and Dukes of Montpensier, see Montpensier
- Duc de Nemours
- Duke of Normandy
- Duke of Orléans
- Count of Armagnac
- Count of Artois, see County of Artois
- County of Auxerre
- Count of Blois
- Count of Boulogne
- Count of Burgundy
- Count of Champagne
- Count of Comminges
- Count of Flanders
- Count of Foix
- Count of La Marche, see County of La Marche
- Count of Nevers
- Count of Poitiers
- Counts of Provence
- Counts of Toulouse
- Viscounts of Béarn, see Béarn
- Lords of Albret, see Albret
- Lords of Baux
- Lords of Le Puiset, see Le Puiset
- Lords of Lusignan, see Lusignan
- Lords of Montpellier, see Montpellier
- Sires of Montmorency, see Montmorency family
- Great Officers of the Crown of France
- German Kings and Emperors
- Georgia
- List of Hungarian rulers
- Italy
- Rulers of Kievan Rus'
- Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium)
- Dukes of Pomerania
- List of Portuguese monarchs
- Romania
- Scandinavia
- Spain
Oceania
Heads of state or government (modern entities)
See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year.
see also Canadian incumbents by year
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